World Of Electrical

Introduction of Flexible AC Transmission Systems | Types of FACTs Controllers | Benefits of FACTs What is Flexible AC Transmission System? The flexible AC transmission system (FACTs) uses static controllers. Power electronics based static controllers are used to control the reactive power across AC transmission system. Introduction of Flexible AC Transmission Systems | Types of FACTs Controllers | Benefits of FACTs This enhances controllability and increases power transfer capability of AC transmission line. Types of FACTs Controllers The classification of FACTs controllers are mentioned below: FACTs controllers 1. Variable Impedance Controllers 2. Voltage Sourced Converter based 1. Variable Impedance Controllers (1) Shunt Compensator (2) Series Compensator (1) Shunt Compensator ✓ Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) ✓ Fixed capacitor ✓ Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) ✓ TSC - TCR ✓ Static VAR compensator (SVC) (2) Ser

Basic Elements of Power System | Electrical Power System Theory Power system can be divided in to three different parts : (1) Generating station (2) Load centre (3) Link joining 1 and 2 Basic Elements of Power System | Electrical Power System Theory Electric power is generated in generating station T1 includes the generator, prime mover and necessary equipments to run the prime mover, exciter, step up transformer, circuit breaker etc. Load centre includes consumers which consume electric power such as factory, shops, water supply, hospitals, cinemas, domestic consumers etc. Generating station and the load centre are connected through the transmission line, substation and distribution lines. Modern power supply system is not as simple as described above. Especially the link joining the generating station and the load centre is complicated. Single line diagram of power supply system is shown in below diagram: Single Line

HVDC Transmission System | Advantages of HVDC System | Disadvantages of System | Application Of HVDC System Advantages of HVDC Transmission System: All the advantages are mentioned below: ✓ Only two conductors are used for transmission, hence cost of transmission is less. HVDC Transmission System | Advantages of HVDC System | Disadvantages of System | Application Of HVDC System ✓ Losses of transmission are reduced since there is no reactive power. ✓ Due to high voltage transmission,current is less for same power. Hence IR loss is very small. ✓ Due to DC transmission, there is no skin effect. Hence thin conductors can be used. But in AC transmission, the conductors must be thick to take care of skin effect. ✓ HVAC induces body currents in the vicinity of the conductors.This is absent in HVDC. ✓ Two ac systems of different frequencies can be connected through HVDC system. This is not possible in HVAC. ✓ HVDC uses electronic conver

Equipment Used in HVDC Transmission System | Block Diagram of HVDC System | Types of HVDC Sytem Equipment Used in HVDC Transmission System | Block Diagram of HVDC System | Types of HVDC Sytem The block diagram of HVDC transmission system is shown in below figure. Block Diagram Of HVDC Transmission System Supply The 3 phase AC supply is first passed through AC filter to remove harmonics and then stepped up through step up transformer. This gives high AC voltage which is ready for transmission .  Converter 1 ( Rectifier ) This high AC voltage is converted to high DC voltage by series connected converter. The series connected converters are used to increase the voltage rating. Normally these are 12-pulse converters to reduce ripple voltage. Smoothing Inductor The DC voltage of the converter is then filtered by the smoothing inductors. Thus ripple free high DC voltage is obtained. This high DC voltage is then transmitted over the

Switching Voltage Regulators | Classification of SMPS The dc output of the rectifier or battery is not regulated. It varies according to the load variations. Switching Voltage Regulators | Classification of SMPS Switching mode regulators are used to convert unregulated dc to regulated DC output. The switching mode regulators use dc choppers. Below figure shows the block diagram of switching mode regulator. The dc chopper takes the input Vs from some unregulated supply.  Block Diagram of Switching Mode Regulator  The chopper may use Transistor, MOSFET, IGBT, SCR or GTO for switching. The comparator compares the reference voltage with output voltage. The reference voltage is set for the particular output voltage.  The comparator generates the error signal. This error signal acts as the control voltage. The control block uses the control voltage Vc, to generate the drives of the chopper. Below figure shows the control

General Layout of Steam Power Plant | Electrical Power Generation General Layout of Steam Power Plant | Electrical Power Generation Layout of Steam Power Plant Refer below figure The layout of a modern steam power plant comprises of the following four circuits: (1) Coal and ash circuit (2) Ash and gas circuit (3) Feed water and steam flow circuit (4) Cooling water circuit. General Layout of Steam Power Plant (1) Coal and Ash Circuit Coal arrives at the storage yard and after necessary landing, passes on to the furnaces through the fuel feeding device. Ash resulting from combustion of coal collects at the back of the boiler and is removed to the ash storage yard through ash handling equipment. (2) Ash and Gas Cirouit Ash is taken in from atmosphere through the action of a forced or induced draught fan and passes on to the furnace through the air preheater, where it has been heated by the heat of flue gases which pass to the chimney via the p

What is Microprocessor? | Block Diagram of Microprocessor | Application of Microprocessor What is Microprocessor? | Block Diagram of Microprocessor | Application of Microprocessor Basic Detail Of Microprocessor The  microprocessor is a semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits manufactured by using either a large scale(LSI) or very large scale integration(VLSI) technique. The microprocessor is capable of performing computing functions and making decisions to change the sequence of program execution. In large computers, the central processing unit(CPU) performs these computing functions and it is implemented on one or more circuit boards. The microprocessor is in many ways similar to the CPU, however, the microprocessor includes all the logic circuitry(including the control unit)on one chip. The microprocessor consists of the following three segments which is shown in below diagram. Block Diagram of Microproce

What is Computer? | Characteristics of Computer | Limitations of computer | Types of Computer  Definition A computer is a machine that processes data according to set of instructions stored within the machine. What is Computer? |  Characteristics of Computer | Limitations of computer | Types of Computer  It receives data as input, processes the data, such that performs arithmetic and logical operations on the same and produces output in the desired form on output device as per the instructions coded in the program. The processing function of the computer is directed by the stored program, a set of codes instructions stored in the memory unit, which guides the sequence of steps to be followed during processing. Characteristics Of Computer The following are the characteristics which make a computer an indispensable unit: ✓ Speed ✓ Consistency ✓ Accuracy ✓ Flexibility ✓ Reliability ✓ Large storage capacity ✓ Automati